• Colonoscopy is used to identify and investigate colorectal cancer. Colon cancer basically develops from polyps or tumors that are the growths within the walls of the intestine.
• These growths may take a time span of 5-10 years to develop and may not cause any symptoms of cancer.
• Regarding how often is a colonoscopy recommended it is said by gastroenterologists that screening should be done after every 5 years.
• Colonoscopy is recommended for detection of early diseases of colon.
• Colonoscopy is done to find any places and causes of bleeding in the colon as well as it check areas having sores or irritation in the colon but colonoscopy complications may be there after colonoscopy exam procedure.
• The above mentioned colon problems can cause some unexplained changes in the bowel habits.
• Weight loss, pain, bloody diarrhea are caused by bowel inflammation and may result in Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
• These inflammatory digestive ailments occur in young adults that produce chronic symptoms and a risk of colon cancer.

Most important regarding diarrhea treatment is to follow diarrhea treatment tests which are:

• Medical history and physical examination
• Stool culture
• Blood tests
• Fasting tests
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Colonoscopy
• Imaging tests

Diarrhea can cause severe dehydration and to prevent dehydration or loss of fluid it is necessary to take diarrhea treatment. Medicines including antibiotics can be taken to stop diarrhea but they are recommended for only those people whose diarrhea is caused by viral or bacterial infection.So, it is very important to find diarrhea cause before starting diarrhea treatment.

Try to avoid caffeine, greasy foods, fiber and sweet foods as well as milk products until diarrhea subsides. These foods tend to aggravate symptoms of diarrhea. If you stop diarrhea before getting rid of bacteria or parasite, these bacteria will trap in the intestine and may cause severe problems.So, antibiotics are prescribed as a first aid treatment.

There are some other infectious diarrhea which are caused by bacteria. These bacteria usually make bowel movement irritable. Due to this irritation of bowel stool gets liquid form. Cramping abdominal pain is another major factor which cause diarrhea. Travelers diarrhea is caused by certain forms of bacteria which are present in specific regions of the world.

Diarrhea which is caused by viral infection like stomach virus or any form of bacterial infection may cause vomiting. Mucous and blood may also appear with diarrhea in case if it is caused by bacterial infections. Diarrhea persisting for many days is said to be chronic diarrhea and it can be the sign of any underlying condition such as inflammatory bowel disease or any infection caused by bacteria. Dehydration occurs as a result of diarrhea when a body loss most of its electrolytes.

Diarrhea symptoms include:

• Cramping
• Abdominal pain
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Urgent need to use bathroom
• Fever
• Bloody stools or bloody diarrhea

Some causes of diarrhea along with diarrhea symptoms are listed below.

• Bacterial infections: Diarrhea causes include bacterial infections as large number of several types of bacteria entered into the body through contaminated food. Common bacteria in this regard are Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter.
• Reaction to medicines: blood pressure medicines, cancer drugs, antibiotics and antacids containing magnesium produce chances of diarrhea causes.
• Food intolerances: Some people cannot digest artificial food color or sweeteners and lactose which is a sugar found in milk.
• Intestinal diseases: colitis, inflamatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, celiac diseases are different causes of diarrhea.
• Functional bowel disorders: diarrhea may be a symptom of irritable bowel syndrome.
• Parasites: Parasites can enter in our body through water and food and then settle in our digestive system thus causes diarrhea.
• Viral infections: diarrhea causes due to some viruses e.g.rotavirus, herpes simplex virus, viral hepatitis, Norwalk virus, and cytomegalovirus.

Causes of acute diarrhea include:

• Viral gastroenteritis
• Food poisoning
• Traveler’s diarrhea
• Bacterial enterocolitis
• Parasite
• Drugs

In many cases, regarding hysterectomy,as the blood circulation to the ovaries become ceased, the ovarian function generally ceases. In case of total hysterectomy, the fallopian tubes, uterus and ovaries are removed; this would result in the interruption of ovarian hormone production.

After hysterectomy, a woman may experience one of the following hysterectomy side effects:

• Depression or mood swings
• Anxiety
• Nervousness and dizziness
• Fatigue
• Hair loss
• Headaches
• Heart palpitations
• Insomnia
• Irritability
• Joint pain
• Low sex drive
• Painful sexual intercourse
• Memory lapses
• Unexplained weight gain
• Urinary incontinence
• Vaginal dryness

Women who had undergone hysterectomy are at increased risk of developing arthritis, osteoporosis and heart disease. There are many cases, for example in case of malignant cancer in which hysterectomy is needed. Many hysterectomies are used to remove any fibroid and for the treatment of other related conditions. For these conditions, hysterectomy may not be essential but usually women do not know any alternative treatment which should be discussed with a physician. After undergoing hysterectomy, woman goes into surgically induced menopause which would result in hormone imbalance.

The medications used for abortive treatment of migraine are given to those patients who vomit during a headache. Preventive treatment of migraine is used if migraine patient has more than one migraine attack per weak. The main objective of this treatment is to lessen the severity and frequencies of migraine headache attacks.Antidepressants are included in preventive migraine treatment.

Non medication therapies for migraine include:

• Using biofeedback, ice and relaxation techniques are helpful in preventing migraine attack once it has started.
• Sleep is the best medicine for migraine headache providing migraine headache relief.
• Migraine triggers include smoking and avoiding foods rich in tyramine and sulphates as in wines and nitrates.

Acupuncture has been suggested as a useful migraine therapy. A healthy life style, good nutrition, adequate intake of fluids, exercise and sufficient sleep are also helpful. Pain killers and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs also provide migraine relief.

which are:

• Decrease in red blood cells production
• Blood loss or destruction

In anemia, there is a low red blood cells count and as a result of this, oxygen supply to the blood decreases. Anemia may cause many signs and anemia symptoms. There are many medical conditions which can cause anemia. Symptoms of vitamin B12 anemia are similar to those of iron deficiency anemia. Most common causes of anemia include:

• Anemia from active bleeding
• Iron deficiency anemia
• Anemia related o kidney disease
• Anemia resulting from chronic disease
• Anemia related to pregnancy
• Anemia related to poor diet and nutrition
• Pernicious anemia
• Sickle cell anemia
• Thalassemia
• Alcoholism
• Bone marrow related anemia
• Aplastic anemia
• Hemolytic anemia
• Cancer
• Thyroid problems(anemia caused by hypothyroidism)
• Liver disease
• Genetic disorders
• AIDS
• Lead poisoning
• Bleeding disorders
• Medication side effects

Mild anemia may have no symptoms and it can be detected during a simple medical examination including blood test. There are many symptoms of anemia which depend on the cause of anemia. These include iron deficiency anemia for example as seen in toe and finger nails, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, leg ulcers and mid jaundice.

Anemia symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Weakness
• Shortness of breath
• Lightheadness
• Palpitations
• Looking pale
• Low blood pressure

Severe anemia symptoms include:

• Chest pain
• Angina
• Heart attack
• Fainting
• Rapid heart rate
• Change in stool color
• Jaundice
• Spleen enlargement with certain anemia causes
• Equilibrium difficulties
• Confusion

Iron deficiency anemia treatment depends upon whether the patient has not taken enough iron in the diet or he is not absorbing iron or he is losing iron due to medication abuse in case of tumors and due to alcoholic gastritis. The doctor will then recommend iron rich foods like dried fruits, sea foods, green vegetables and beans/grains or iron pills. In case of severe iron deficiency anemia which may be caused by blood loss, surgery hormone injections and blood transfusion will become necessary anemia treatment.

Monthly vitamin B-12 injections are the necessary vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia treatment. Unfortunately no diet and iron pills work in this regard unless it is diagnosed early.A dietary correction is necessary for the treatment of folic acid deficiency.Main folic acid sources are milk.cheese, poultry, leefy vegetables, eggs, yeast, liver, raw fruits and kidney beans.

• Complete blood count which is done to confirm size, number, volume ad hemoglobin content.
• Blood iron and ferritin level which is a best indicator of body’s total iron reserves and iron deficiency anemia.
• Folate and vitamin B12 level.
• There are some special blood test to detect some rare causes of anemia like immune attack on red blood cells, defects of enzymes and red blood cells fragility.
• For hemolytic anemia, tests are done that require identifying the breakdown products of RBCs in blood and urine.
• In rare cases regarding bone marrow and anemia, doctors need to remove a bone marrow sample to determine the causes of anemia.

Anemia does not involve in creating symptoms always so the doctor has to check other symptoms as well.