• Colonoscopy is used to identify and investigate colorectal cancer. Colon cancer basically develops from polyps or tumors that are the growths within the walls of the intestine.
• These growths may take a time span of 5-10 years to develop and may not cause any symptoms of cancer.
• Regarding how often is a colonoscopy recommended it is said by gastroenterologists that screening should be done after every 5 years.
• Colonoscopy is recommended for detection of early diseases of colon.
• Colonoscopy is done to find any places and causes of bleeding in the colon as well as it check areas having sores or irritation in the colon but colonoscopy complications may be there after colonoscopy exam procedure.
• The above mentioned colon problems can cause some unexplained changes in the bowel habits.
• Weight loss, pain, bloody diarrhea are caused by bowel inflammation and may result in Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis.
• These inflammatory digestive ailments occur in young adults that produce chronic symptoms and a risk of colon cancer.

In many cases, regarding hysterectomy,as the blood circulation to the ovaries become ceased, the ovarian function generally ceases. In case of total hysterectomy, the fallopian tubes, uterus and ovaries are removed; this would result in the interruption of ovarian hormone production.

After hysterectomy, a woman may experience one of the following hysterectomy side effects:

• Depression or mood swings
• Anxiety
• Nervousness and dizziness
• Fatigue
• Hair loss
• Headaches
• Heart palpitations
• Insomnia
• Irritability
• Joint pain
• Low sex drive
• Painful sexual intercourse
• Memory lapses
• Unexplained weight gain
• Urinary incontinence
• Vaginal dryness

Women who had undergone hysterectomy are at increased risk of developing arthritis, osteoporosis and heart disease. There are many cases, for example in case of malignant cancer in which hysterectomy is needed. Many hysterectomies are used to remove any fibroid and for the treatment of other related conditions. For these conditions, hysterectomy may not be essential but usually women do not know any alternative treatment which should be discussed with a physician. After undergoing hysterectomy, woman goes into surgically induced menopause which would result in hormone imbalance.

Radiation therapy is basically an effective use of radiation for the treatment of cancer.Radiotherapy damages the rapidly growing abnormal cells making them unable to multiply and divide with such a rapid rate. The body easily eliminates these cells when they die.

Healthy cells are also affected by a radiation therapy but they have the ability to repair themselves which cancerous cells cannot. The main type of radiation therapy used for bladder cancer treatment is an external beam radiation therapy which is used in combination with chemotherapy. Sometimes internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy is also used.

External beam radiation therapy

External beam radiation therapy involves a daily radiation delivery to the bladder.This treatment lasts for five to seven weeks and usually takes less than half an hour.

• 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) generally combines multiple radiation treatment fields to deliver accurate and precise doses of radiation to the cancer.
• Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is an improved form of the above mentioned test in which a radiation carves around the tumor. By the use of this technique, normal tissues are protected from radiation exposure.

Potential side effects of radiotherapy

Side effects are usually temporary and only limited to the area that receives radiation. Patients experience only few side effects in this regard and can continue their normal routines.

• Some patients experience skin irritation, increased urination, bladder irritation, nausea, rectal pressure, abdominal cramping, fatigue and diarrhea.
• Some patients have reported sexual problems which include vaginal dryness and difficulty in achieving proper erection.

These side effects usually go away with time. Patient should seek proper advice by a doctor regarding any discomfort if they feel so that, they may be able to provide treatments and drugs to help. Home remedies and treatment may help to provide comfort if such side effects appear.

A mammogram is a low-dose x-ray picture of the breast. Mammograms can show the tumors before they become enlarge to feel. For women who are older than 20 are advised by their physician to have their mammograms every year.

How a mammography is done?

A woman stands in front of a mammography machine, and one of her breasts is placed on a clear plastic plate and gently, but firmly, pressed from another plate above her breast. The plates flatten the breast and keep it still, which helps produce a better mammogram image. The pressure lasts a few seconds and doesn’t harm the breast. The same steps are repeated with the other breast. The plates of the machine are then tilted to take a side view of each breast. When done, a woman will have had two different x-rays, or views of each breast, for a total of four x-rays.

Mammograms are viewed and examined by radiologists who have special training in diagnosing diseases using X-rays.

Mammograms are also recommended for women who have symptoms of breast cancer and are younger or who have a risk of its development. A mammogram can take only few seconds to make you aware about the real picture of your suffering.

Mammography does not hurt

Most women argue that getting a mammogram is uncomfortable, few say that it is painful although the pain is not a longlasting.One experience different comments depending upon the size of their breasts, the skill of a technologist, how much breasts need to be pressed n women’s monthly menstrual cycle. Major injuries and surgeries can affect mammograms.

Diagnostic mammograms and screening

Mammograms are generally used for two main reasons: Diagnosis and Screening.

Screening mammograms

Screening mammograms are used to check those women who have no signs and symptoms of breast cancer and involve two X-rays of each breast. Its goal is to find cancer early if it is there even if t is too small to be felt.

Diagnostic mammograms

Diagnostic mammograms are used when a woman has an abnormal mammogram or have  symptoms of breast cancer. Different pictures are taken carefully to study the breast. Sometimes a woman can receive a diagnostic mammogram just after having been screening mammogram and its purpose is to examine any abnormalities found on the first mammogram.